fs: add maxDepth option to glob

[TheAlexLichter]

This PR adds a maxDepth option to fs.glob(), fs.globSync(), and fs.promises.glob().

Motivation

Broad glob patterns such as ** currently traverse the complete matching directory tree. Results can be filtered further afterwards but that does not avoid the associated filesystem work for use cases that only need "nearby entries".
This is particularly costly for large directory trees or mounted filesystems.

Similar functionality is already available in existing 3rd party packages like tinyglobby in various ways.

Implementation

Depth is measured relative to cwd:

• cwd has depth 0
• Direct children have depth 1
• Grandchildren have depth 2
• And so on

The default is Infinity (compatible with existing default behavior). A finite limit applies to both returned matches and filesystem traversal, allowing subtrees to be skipped.

Relative patterns cannot bypass the limit using .., and paths outside cwd, including paths on another Windows volume, are outside any finite depth.

Absolute patterns can traverse ancestors as needed to reach cwd, but matches outside cwd are excluded when the limit is finite.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/performance

[mcollina]

lgtm

[TheAlexLichter]

(Added the "Signed off" trailer)

[trivikr]

@TheAlexLichter The lint errors need to be fixed

/home/runner/work/node/node/test/parallel/test-fs-glob.mjs
Error:   20:1  error  'node:child_process' import is duplicated  no-duplicate-imports

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 80.87855% with 74 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.14%. Comparing base (e6a8d06) to head (e9f17df).
⚠️ Report is 957 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/fs/glob.js	80.87%	72 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #64003      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   92.01%   90.14%   -1.87%     
==========================================
  Files         379      751     +372     
  Lines      166972   253943   +86971     
  Branches    25554    47887   +22333     
==========================================
+ Hits       153639   228925   +75286     
- Misses      13041    16278    +3237     
- Partials      292     8740    +8448     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/fs/glob.js	89.27% <80.87%> (+1.14%)	⬆️

... and 605 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.

[TheAlexLichter]

@trivikr just resolved them 👍🏻

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/76476/